Оптимізація технології вирощування коропових видів риб в полікультурі для нагульних ставових фермерських господарств

Abstract

Проведений аналіз технології вирощування коропових видів риб в нагульних ставах фермерського господарства «Рибовод» за дворічним циклом. Визначені гідрохімічні та гідробіологічні умови водойм господарства. Запропоно-вана оптимізована технологія вирощування коропа з рослиноїдними видами риб в полікультурі із скороченням пері-оду отримання товарної рибної продукції з двох до одного року. Розроблені рекомендації можуть використовуватись на фермерських нагульних ставових господарствах, які зай-маються вирощуванням коропових видів риб. Впровадження розробленого комплексу заходів дає можливість під-вищити економічну ефективність виробництва із збільшенням рентабельності до 45 %.

The purpose of the research is to optimize the technology of marketable fish breeding on pond farms having fattening areas of water surface. Hydrogen value of fattening ponds water pH during the season were within 6.5-8.1. The value of oxygen dissolved in the water ranged from 3.7 to 6.1 mg/l, which meets the requirements for carp species breeding in ponds. In general, the temperature in fattening ponds met the requirements on carp fish breeding in ponds and matched the average long-term values of the area. Zooplankton in fattening ponds was represented with the following taxonomic groups: rotifers, copepods and crustaceans cladocera as well as with certain types of invertebrates that spend some period of their life cycle in the water. The ponds benthos consisted of the representatives of Chironomidae family larvae. Fish cultivation control was carried out in the course of test fishing, carried out twice a month. The caught fish (various species) was counted, weighed and its average weight was measured. Pasture technology without carp feeding was used under growing fish in farms fattening ponds. Intensification measures such as ponds fertilizing and melioration were applied which influenced the increase in natural fodder base indicators. Ponds of "Rybovod" farm are profitable but their profit is low and amounted to 13.4 % in 2014. Calculation of fish farms fattening ponds demand for lime, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic fertilizers was carried using biological fish breeding standards. The amount of lime required to neutralize the acidity for the farm economy will be 2.75 tons per year under soil pH 5.5. General demand for fertilizers for fattening ponds will be as follows: organic – 27.5, mineral – 82 tons. Transferring from two years to one year fish breeding technology in fattening ponds under compacted landings to the mass of commodities is only possible when using feed or fodder Forage mixture. The total quantity of food to the growing season for carp reach 402 tons (at the value feed ratio of 3.5). While determining the the economy’s needs of feed one should take into account the fact that, according to existing fish-breeding biological standards, in case the fish is bred in polyculture cultivation, additional feed cost are expected for herbivorous fish. Thus, up to 20 % more is expected for grass carp are ex-pected as compared to that for carp. General requirements of animal feed will be 482 tons. The following amount of fry should be purchased under the planned composition of fish for breeding in the polyculture – carp, hybrid of silver carp and grass carp: a year long bred carp – 3000 units/ha; silver carp hybrids – 1800 units/ha and grass carp – 50 units/ha. With the farm fattening ponds total area of 55 hectares 165 thousand units of a year long bred carp (4125 kg); 99 thousand units of year long bred silver carp hybrids (2970 kg) and 2,750 units of year long bred grass carp (82.5 kg) are to be purchased. The breeding in fattening ponds will result in yielding over 60 t of marketable carp with the average weight of 500 grams and nearly 90 tons of silver carp with the average weight of 1200 g in a season. Also, additional 40 kg / ha of fish products can be obtained due to the grass carp. Thus, the proposed recommendations will enable to obtaine 1,555 thousand of marketable fish in fattening ponds of "Rybovod" farm annually, under 1,071 thousand of production costs. UAH, the net profit may reach 484 thousand UAH. Production profitability will amount to 45 %.

Проведен анализ технологии выращивания карповых видов рыб в нагульных прудах фермерского хозяйства «Рыбовод» при двухлетнем цикле. Изучены гидрохимические и гидробиологические условия водоемов хозяйства. Предложена оптимизированная технология выращивания карпа совместно с растительноядными видами рыб в поли- культуре при сокращенном периоде получения товарной рыбной продукции с двух до одного года. Разработанные рекомендации можно использовать на фермерских нагульных хозяйствах, которые занимаются выращиванием карповых видов рыб. Внедрение разработанного комплекса мероприятий даст возможность повысить экономическую эффективность производства с увеличением рентабельности до 45 %.