Big data – новий інформаційний феномен цифрової епохи
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Білоцерківський національний аграрний університет
Анотація
Досліджено зміст та взаємозв’язки понять «дані», «інформація», «знання» в рамках концепції інформаційної ієрархії DIKW та згідно з термінологічним стандартом ISO/IEC 2382:2015. На найвищому рівні узагальнення розкрито
сутність даних як зареєстрованих сигналів. Проаналізовано існуючі підходи до тлумачення поняття інформації; значення контексту та необхідність застосування відповідних методів оброблення даних для перетворення їх в інформацію. Розглянуто поділ отриманої з даних інформації на аналогову та цифрову.
Охарактеризовано сутність Big Data як різновиду даних, що виник внаслідок розвитку комп’ютерних технологій. Розглянуто основні особливості (3V) великих даних: їх обсяг (volume), швидкість (velocity) та різноманітність
(variety). Окреслено потенціал інтелектуального аналізу даних (Data Mining) як засобу отримання прихованих знань
зі структурованих та неструктурованих масивів великих даних.
Опис
The essence of concepts «data», «information», «knowledge» is investigated in the article from positions of DIKW
(Information Hierarchy) of American organizational theorist Russell Ackoff. DIKW belongs to a class of models for
representing relationships between data, information, knowledge and wisdom. In this model information is defined in terms
of data, knowledge in terms of information, and wisdom in terms of knowledge.
Also concepts «data», «information», «knowledge» are described according to ISO/IEC 2382:2015 «Information
technology – Vocabulary».
Data is the representation of information in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or
processing. Information (in information processing) is any fact, concept or meaning derived from data and associated context,
or selected from knowledge. Knowledge can be described as organized, integrated collection of facts and generalization.
It is important for our research to divide information obtained from data on analog and digital. The first is obtained
through the use of natural methods of data processing and is perceived exclusively by human. It has a continuous character
and is divided according to the five human senses to visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory. Digital information is
discrete and is perceived by computers.
Development of technical facilities gave new possibilities for recording, processing, storage and analysis of increasingly
larger and more varied in nature and structure data sets. On the other hand, the evolution of technology increased data
production.
Big Data appeared due to development of computer technologies. During the last years Big Data has attracted attention
of more and more researchers. Year by year, data collected from different spheres of activity is getting larger and more
complicated.
Big data refers to datasets whose size is beyond the ability of typical database software tools to capture, store, manage
and analyze. That’s why some investigators called Big Data as “inconveniently large data”.
Oxford dictionary defines Big Data as extremely large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns,
trends and associations, especially relating to human behavior and interactions.
Big data is a term used to describe a large volume of both structured and unstructured data. But a huge volume is not the
only one feature of Big Data.
The other features are:
velocity (data in motion) – data streams with an unprecedented speed and must be processed in time. Speed as a
characteristic of Big Data means that data is collected rapidly and requires response as soon as possible as processing data
streams in real time;
variety (data in many forms) – data comes in all types of formats – from structured, numeric data in traditional databases
to unstructured text documents, email, video, audio, stock ticker data and financial transactions. Such unstructured data is
often created by Internet users. In addition, companies collect data from a wide range of sources, including different financial
and business transactions, social media and information from sensor or machine-to-machine data.
SAS, one of the leading producers of software for statistical analysis, nominates two additional features of Big Data:
variability – data flows can be highly inconsistent with periodic peaks (daily, seasonal etc.);
complexity – data comes from multiple sources, which makes it difficult to link, match, cleanse and transform data
across systems.
Unstructured arrays of data reflect the actual processes in the Internet information environment and could be used for
obtaining information through Data mining. Data mining is the process that attempts to discover useful information
(or patterns) in large data repositories. Data mining enables to analyze data regardless of source, type, size, or format.
A scope of Big Data using is extremely broad now and it will grow in future. Today it is a business priority, because the
effective use of data is becoming the basis of competition. Big Data can improve the profitability, business value and provide
a success of many enterprises. So, Big Data will fundamentally change the way businesses compete and operate.
It should be noted that the huge importance of Big Data is predefined not by data itself or by its size, but by results of
processing and analysis that allow to provide new knowledge. Thus one of the most popular professions of the near future
will be a specialist in Data Science, who has three groups of competencies: IT literacy, mathematical and statistical
knowledge and awareness in practical application of the previous groups of skills, who understands business needs of his
organization or tasks of relevant science area.
Ключові слова
дані, data, інформація, information, знання, knowledge, Big Data, DIKW, Data Mining, неструктурована інформація, unstructured information
Бібліографічний опис
Задорожна Р. П. Big data – новий інформаційний феномен цифрової епохи / Р. П. Задорожна // Економіка та управління АПК: зб. наук. праць. - Біла Церква: БНАУ, 2016. - С. 64-71.