Equine welfare under environmental challenges

Abstract

Equine welfare is significantly influenced by environmental factors, particularly in the context of climate change and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events. The aim of this review is to systematise scientific evidence on the impact of major environmental stressors on the physiological and behavioural status of horses, as well as to analyse modern monitoring methods and adaptive mechanisms. Particular attention is given to the effects of heat stress, high humidity, air quality, housing conditions, transportation and seasonal temperature fluctuations. We explore the physiological and behavioural responses of horses to stress loads, including alterations in cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and reproductive systems. Contemporary welfare assessment tools are presented, ranging from infrared thermography and electromyography to microsensors and heart rate variability analysis. Adaptive mechanisms such as heat acclimatisation, genetic resilience, and the influence of age and physical condition are discussed. Risks associated with chronic stress and opportunities for implementing personalised welfare support strategies under climate-related threats are also summarised. This work emphasises the need for a systemic approach to the assessment and management of equine welfare, taking into account individual variability, ecological context and interdisciplinary solutions.