Influence of selenium on redox processes, selenoprotein metabolism and antioxidant status of aquaculture facilities

Abstract

The review considers the literature data describing the mechanisms of regulation of redox processes in cells with the participation of selenium. At present, the replacement of many microelements, which have been used for a long time in inorganic forms, with organic analogs, which are much more effective and biologically available, is becoming a priority in animal feeding. The data showing the effect of inorganic and organic compounds of selenium on the synthesis of selenoproteins, the effect of selenoproteins on the optimization of redox processes, increased productivity, optimization of metabolic and immune processes in aquaculture objects. Selenoprotein W has been shown to play the role of glutathione-dependent antioxidant, which may be involved in oxyreduction processes. 25 selenoproteins have been identified in mammals, and up to 41 in teleost fishes (Teleostei). It has been established that salmon fish possess even more selenoproteins due to the doubling of the entire genome occurred during the evolution of this group. The level of glutathione peroxidase gene expression (GPx1) can be a sensitive biomarker of selenium availability and helps assess the influence of the shape and concentration of the element on its biochemical transformation and cell homeostasis. A differentiated approach to the regulation of the selenium content in the composition of fish feed is considered. It has been shown that Se in the surrounding water and in the feed itself cannot provide the required level of the element capable of maintaining stable and optimal conditions for growing aquaculture objects. It has been shown that feed additives with selenium improve growth parameters and are associated with increased synthesis of muscle selenoproteins, which provide antioxidant and immune protection. The importance of the optimal expression of selenoprotein genes in the processes of the regulatory mechanism of the action of Se supplements, contributing to an increase in reproductive function and intensive growth of fish, has been established.