Application of metal nanoparticles for water purification

Abstract

Water purification remains one of the most pressing environmental challenges, requiring innovative solutions to enhance the efficiency of pollutant removal. Metal nanoparticles, including silver, iron, copper, and titanium oxides, offer significant advantages in water treatment due to their unique catalytic, sorptive, and antimicrobial properties. This study examines the application of these nanoparticles in removing organic and inorganic pollutants, microbial pathogens, and heavy metals. Special attention is given to the role of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in reducing toxic metal ions and TiO2 nanoparticles in photocatalytic oxidation of organic contaminants. The potential of hybrid nanomaterials combining multiple functional properties is also explored. Additionally, the use of green synthesis methods employing plant extracts and microorganisms is discussed as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional nanoparticle production. The study highlights the relevance of nanotechnology in crisis situations, such as wartime disruptions to water supply infrastructure. Economic considerations, including cost reduction and operational efficiency, are also analyzed. While metal nanoparticles present a promising solution, further research is needed to address long-term stability, safe disposal, and regulatory frameworks for large-scale implementation.