Клинико-биохимические показатели у поросят при гастроэнтерите и гепатодистрофии

Abstract

Приведены результаты исследований по изучению клинико-биохимческих показателей крови у поросят при гас- троэнтерите и токсической гепатодистрофии. Установлено, что у поросят-отъемышей гастроэнтерит и токсическая гепатодистрофия проявляются изменением биохимического спектра крови. В частности, у больных животных проявляется гипоальбуминемия, которая сильнее выражена у больных с токсической гепатодистрофией (у них альбуминов было всего 19,7 % от общего белка); гипе- рхолестеролемия, гипергликемия, гипербилирубинемия, повышенная активность АсАТ, АлАТ и ГГТП. У поросят при гастроэнтерите и, особенно, токсической гепатодистрофии проявляется эндогенная интоксикация, на что указывают повышенные значения в крови первичных диеновых конъюгатов и кетодиенов и вторичных (малоновый диальдегид) продуктов перекисного окисления липидов (ПОЛ) и антиокислительной активности плазмы крови. Наличие у поросят метаболических нарушений приводит к интенсивному накоплению соединений входящих в группу средних молекул: при гастроэнтерите количество веществ средней молекулярной массы увеличивается в 1,4, а при токсической гепатодистрофии – в 1,65 раза.В роботі наведені результати досліджень щодо вивчення клініко-біохімічних показників крові у поросят за гаст- роентериту та токсичної гепатодистрофії. Встановлено, що у відлучених поросят гастроентерит та токсична гепатодистрофія проявляються змінами біохі- мічного спектру крові. Зокрема, у хворих тварин проявляється гіпоальбумінемію, яка сильніше виражена у хворих із токсичною гепатодистрофією (у них альбумінів було лише 19,7 % від загального білка); гіперхолестеролемія, гіперг- лікемія, гіпербілірубінемія, підвищена активність АсАТ, АлАТ і ГГТП. У поросят за гастроентериту і, особливо, токсичної гепатодистрофія проявляється ендогенна інтоксикація, на що вка- зують підвищені значення у крові первинних (дієнових кон’югатів та кетодієнів (Дк і КД)) та вторинних (малоновий діаль- дегід – МДА) продуктів перекисного окиснення ліпідів (ПОЛ) і антиокиснювальної активності плазми крові (АОА). Наявність у поросят метаболічних порушень призводить до інтенсивного накопичення сполук, які входять до групи середніх молекул: за гастроентериту кількість ВСММ збільшується у 1,4, а за токсичної гепатодистрофії – в 1,65 разиGastrointestinal diseases in young animals are recorded quite often, especially in industrial complexes. Diseases of this group can be up to 70-80% of the entire internal pathology of young animals. In industrial conditions, often associated diseases of the liver, stomach and intestines. One of such diseases are gastroenteritis and toxic hepatodystrophy, which are most often noted in piglets. High mortality of young animals in these diseases, the costs of medical and prophylactic measures and loss of animal productivity cause agricultural enterprises, in particular pigs, large economic losses. In this case, the diseases of this group almost always affect the functional and morphological state of the liver. The variety of liver functions leads to the fact that the violation of almost any type of metabolism affects the condition of this organ, causes damage to cells with the development or a qualitatively new, more severe pathological process, or complicates the underlying disease. Almost always in sick animals there is a significant intoxication of the organism, which is often the cause of the death of young animals. Endotoxicosis is a complex pathogenetic complex, including metabolic and functional disorders in almost all organs and systems of the body, which is noted in many diseases. The mechanism of development of endotoxicosis is based on the predominance of catabolic processes over anabolic, leading to decompensation of the body's regulatory systems and accumulation of their effector components in toxic concentrations – proteolytic enzymes, kinin and other vasoactive peptides, biologically active products of protein dehydration, inflammatory mediators, etc. Excess accumulation of toxins in the body of young animals of farm animals, as well as the inability of physiological detoxification systems to ensure their effective excretion predetermine the need for intensive detoxification therapy using specific means and methods of detoxification.We carried out work to study the pathogenesis of gastroenteritis and toxic liver dystrophy in piglets, the characteristics of metabolic disorders, immune reactivity and natural resistance, with these pathologies. The experiments were carried out on weaned pigs, grown under industrial technology under production conditions. Analytical methods of experimental veterinary and biochemistry have been used that provide an opportunity to understand the regularities of the processes occurring in the body, their clinical manifestation, and also the relationship with environmental factors. Blood samples were taken in accordance with the rules of aseptic and antiseptic from the orbital venous sinus to two dry, clean test tubes. In one of the tubes, the blood was stabilized with heparin (2.0-2.5 U / ml) and the other was used to produce serum that was obtained by blood clotting at a temperature of + 18-20 0С, followed by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 3000 r.p.m. Plasma was obtained by centrifugation of heparin-stabilized blood under similar conditions. In a biochemical blood test, the concentration of total protein, albumins, cholesterol, glucose, total bilirubin, activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (AsAT and AlAT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GGTP) was determined. To determine the degree of intoxication of the body as the main characteristic of the degree of severity of the disease, quantitative indices of the content of substances of the average molecular weight (SАMW) in blood plasma, as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant system (AOS): antioxidant plasma activity (AOA), diene conjugates (DC), ketodienes (CD), malonic dialdehyde (MDA). Blood tests were performed according to the appropriate methods. It was found that gastroenteritis and toxic hepatodystrophy are accompanied by a syndrome of intoxication of the body. With these pathologies, significant piglets appear in the body of the piglets, and irreversible biochemical changes occur during unfavorable course, which indicate a significantly increased catabolic orientation of metabolic processes and the accumulation of toxic metabolites, which leads to damage and a decrease in the regenerative capacity of tissues. This is confirmed by the fact that in the blood of sick animal’s hypoalbuminemia, hyperproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia were observed. It should be noted that hypoalbuminemia was more pronounced in pigs, patients with hepatodystrophy. In animals, the amount of albumin was 19.7% of the total protein (in healthy 44.6%). All the pigs that were ill with toxic hepatodystrophy were found to have hyperbilirubinemia. The amount of total bilirubin in them on the average for the group was 12.9±1.33 μmol/l, which is 2.7 times more than in healthy patients (p<0.001). In pigs with gastroenteritis and toxic hepatodystrophy, an increase in the activity of aminotransferases (ASAT and ALAT) was revealed. In particular, in patients with gastroenteritis ACAT activity was increased 3.5 times, compared with healthy (p<0.01), and in patients with toxic hepatodystrophy 4 times. A similar situation was found in the determination of AlAT (p<0.001). Patients with gastroenteritis and toxic hepatodystrophy were diagnosed with hyperenzymemia of GGTP, an enzyme whose high activity indicates the presence of cholestasis. A reduced amount of albumin indicates a violation of the albuminosynthesizing function of hepatocytes and the active involvement of the liver in the binding of toxins. hypercholesterolemia indicates a violation of bile secretion and synthesizing function, and a high concentration of glucose on the violation of glycogen synthesis. The increase in the level of total bilirubin in the blood is associated with the action of endogenous toxins on hepatocytes, which is confirmed by the high activity of aminotransferases (AsAT, ALAT) and gamma glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP). Hyperenzymemia was caused by increased cytolytic processes in the sand, damage to the structure of hepatocyte membranes and elimination of enzymes outside the cell. In patients with pigs that suffered from gastroenteritis and toxic hepatodystrophy, there was an accumulation of toxic products that came from pathological foci and an increase in the amount of medium-molecular weight substances (SАMW) in the blood. Despite the intense work of the detoxification system, the formation of toxic substances exceeded their excretion from the body and they accumulated in the blood.